{"id":411,"date":"2026-05-22T16:26:43","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T14:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=411"},"modified":"2026-05-22T16:26:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T14:26:44","slug":"fiche-gestion-des-services-sous-debian-et-ubuntu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/systeme\/fiche-gestion-des-services-sous-debian-et-ubuntu\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche gestion des services sous Debian et Ubuntu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sous Debian et Ubuntu, la gestion des services repose principalement sur <code>systemd<\/code>. Ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019initialisation d\u00e9marre les services au boot, surveille leur \u00e9tat, red\u00e9marre certains processus automatiquement et centralise les journaux syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans un contexte BTS CIEL ou BTS SIO, tu utilises constamment des services :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>serveur web Apache ou Nginx ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>serveur SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MariaDB ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Docker ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mosquitto MQTT ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Node-RED ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fail2ban ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>services personnalis\u00e9s Python ou Bash.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comprendre le fonctionnement des services permet :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u2019automatiser le d\u00e9marrage des applications ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de diagnostiquer des pannes ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u2019analyser les logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de s\u00e9curiser les serveurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de cr\u00e9er ses propres d\u00e9mons syst\u00e8me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la gestion des services ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la cr\u00e9ation de services personnalis\u00e9s ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l\u2019analyse des logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les commandes de d\u00e9pannage ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les bonnes pratiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de supervision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source du besoin utilisateur :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sommaire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sommaire<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprendre systemd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Architecture des services Linux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des services avec systemctl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un service personnalis\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyse des logs avec journalctl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fichiers importants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bloc de configuration complet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commandes utiles et d\u00e9pannage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion du pare-feu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cas concrets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bonnes pratiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pour aller plus loin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liens utiles et documentation officielle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Propositions de TP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Comprendre systemd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>systemd<\/code> remplace l\u2019ancien syst\u00e8me SysVinit sur Debian et Ubuntu modernes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il g\u00e8re :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>le d\u00e9marrage du syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les d\u00e9pendances ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les services ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les timers ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les sockets ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les logs avec <code>journald<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chaque service poss\u00e8de g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un fichier <code>.service<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sshd.service<br>apache2.service<br>mariadb.service<br>docker.service<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Cycle de vie d\u2019un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un service peut \u00eatre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u00e9marr\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arr\u00eat\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>red\u00e9marr\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>recharg\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>activ\u00e9 au boot ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9sactiv\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Arborescence des unit\u00e9s systemd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 monapp.service<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 multi-user.target.wants\/<br>\u2514\u2500\u2500 ...<br><br>\/lib\/systemd\/system\/<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 apache2.service<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 ssh.service<br>\u2514\u2500\u2500 ...<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diff\u00e9rence entre les r\u00e9pertoires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>R\u00e9pertoire<\/th><th>R\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>\/lib\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/td><td>Services install\u00e9s par les paquets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/td><td>Services personnalis\u00e9s ou overrides<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/run\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/td><td>Services temporaires<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Architecture des services Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un service fonctionne g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement ainsi :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Application<br>    \u2193<br>Fichier .service<br>    \u2193<br>systemd<br>    \u2193<br>journalctl \/ logs<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le fichier <code>.service<\/code> d\u00e9crit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la commande \u00e0 ex\u00e9cuter ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l\u2019utilisateur ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>le red\u00e9marrage automatique ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les d\u00e9pendances ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>le comportement attendu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Gestion des services avec systemctl<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>systemctl<\/code> est la commande principale de gestion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 V\u00e9rifier l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl status ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explications :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>status<\/code> : affiche l\u2019\u00e9tat ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>ssh<\/code> : nom du service.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu vois :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>l\u2019\u00e9tat actif ou non ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>le PID ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les derniers logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les erreurs \u00e9ventuelles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 D\u00e9marrer un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl start apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le service d\u00e9marre imm\u00e9diatement mais ne d\u00e9marre pas automatiquement au boot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 Arr\u00eater un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl stop apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande coupe le service imm\u00e9diatement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4 Red\u00e9marrer un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile apr\u00e8s une modification de configuration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5 Recharger une configuration sans coupure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl reload nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>reload<\/code> relit uniquement la configuration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certaines applications ne supportent pas cette fonctionnalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.6 Activer le d\u00e9marrage automatique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl enable apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande cr\u00e9e un lien symbolique dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/multi-user.target.wants\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.7 D\u00e9sactiver le d\u00e9marrage automatique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl disable apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.8 Voir tous les services<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemctl list-units --type=service<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Options :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>--type=service<\/code> : filtre uniquement les services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.9 Voir les services \u00e9chou\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemctl --failed<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile en d\u00e9pannage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un service personnalis\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux cr\u00e9er tes propres services pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>scripts Python ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>applications Node.js ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>scripts Bash ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>agents de supervision ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>outils IoT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 Exemple de script Python<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fichier :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/opt\/monitoring\/app.py<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contenu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#!\/usr\/bin\/python3<br><br>import time<br><br>while True:<br>    print(\"Service actif\")<br>    time.sleep(30)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rendre le fichier ex\u00e9cutable :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod +x \/opt\/monitoring\/app.py<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Cr\u00e9ation du fichier service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fichier :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/monitoring.service<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Gestion des services Linux<br><br>## V\u00e9rifier un service<br>systemctl status nom_service<br><br>## D\u00e9marrer un service<br>sudo systemctl start nom_service<br><br>## Arr\u00eater un service<br>sudo systemctl stop nom_service<br><br>## Red\u00e9marrer<br>sudo systemctl restart nom_service<br><br>## Recharger configuration<br>sudo systemctl reload nom_service<br><br>## Activer au d\u00e9marrage<br>sudo systemctl enable nom_service<br><br>## D\u00e9sactiver au d\u00e9marrage<br>sudo systemctl disable nom_service<br><br>## Voir les logs<br>journalctl -u nom_service<br><br>## Voir les logs temps r\u00e9el<br>journalctl -u nom_service -f<br><br>## Voir les services \u00e9chou\u00e9s<br>systemctl --failed<br><br>## Recharger systemd<br>sudo systemctl daemon-reload<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Fichiers importants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Fichier<\/th><th>R\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/td><td>Services personnalis\u00e9s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/lib\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/td><td>Services install\u00e9s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code><\/td><td>Configuration logs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/journal\/<\/code><\/td><td>Journaux persistants<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/td><td>Logs syst\u00e8me Debian\/Ubuntu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/etc\/rsyslog.conf<\/code><\/td><td>Configuration rsyslog<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/run\/systemd\/<\/code><\/td><td>Informations runtime<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Bloc de configuration complet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&#91;Unit]<br>Description=Service Monitoring Python<br>After=network.target<br><br>&#91;Service]<br>Type=simple<br>User=www-data<br>Group=www-data<br>WorkingDirectory=\/opt\/monitoring<br>ExecStart=\/usr\/bin\/python3 \/opt\/monitoring\/app.py<br>Restart=always<br>RestartSec=5<br><br># S\u00e9curisation<br>NoNewPrivileges=true<br>PrivateTmp=true<br>ProtectSystem=full<br>ProtectHome=true<br><br>&#91;Install]<br>WantedBy=multi-user.target<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications d\u00e9taill\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Directive<\/th><th>R\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>Description=<\/code><\/td><td>Description du service<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>After=<\/code><\/td><td>Attend le r\u00e9seau<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>User=<\/code><\/td><td>Utilisateur utilis\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>Group=<\/code><\/td><td>Groupe utilis\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>WorkingDirectory=<\/code><\/td><td>R\u00e9pertoire de travail<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ExecStart=<\/code><\/td><td>Commande lanc\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>Restart=always<\/code><\/td><td>Red\u00e9marre automatiquement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>RestartSec=5<\/code><\/td><td>Attente avant red\u00e9marrage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ProtectSystem=full<\/code><\/td><td>Protection syst\u00e8me<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>ProtectHome=true<\/code><\/td><td>Bloque acc\u00e8s <code>\/home<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Commandes utiles et d\u00e9pannage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recharger systemd apr\u00e8s modification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl daemon-reload<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande force systemd \u00e0 relire les fichiers <code>.service<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester le d\u00e9marrage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl start monitoring<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u monitoring<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs temps r\u00e9el<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u monitoring -f<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-f<\/code> : mode suivi temps r\u00e9el comme <code>tail -f<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les logs du boot actuel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -b<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir uniquement les erreurs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -p err<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les 50 derni\u00e8res lignes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u monitoring -n 50<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier la syntaxe d\u2019un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemd-analyze verify \/etc\/systemd\/system\/monitoring.service<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile avant le red\u00e9marrage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Gestion du pare-feu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les services r\u00e9seau exposent souvent des ports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Port :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>22\/TCP<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autoriser :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow 22\/tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Apache<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ports :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>80\/TCP<br>443\/TCP<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autoriser :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow 80\/tcp<br>sudo ufw allow 443\/tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mosquitto MQTT<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Port standard :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>1883\/TCP<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MQTT TLS :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>8883\/TCP<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier le pare-feu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mauvais chemin Python<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erreur :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Exec format error<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mauvais interpr\u00e9teur ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>script non ex\u00e9cutable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Service qui boucle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause possible :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>erreur dans le script ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9pendance absente ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>port d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diagnostic :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u monitoring -xe<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oubli du daemon-reload<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s modification d\u2019un service :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl daemon-reload<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sinon systemd utilise encore l\u2019ancienne version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Cas concrets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13.1 Service Node.js<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ExecStart=\/usr\/bin\/node \/opt\/app\/server.js<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13.2 Script Bash<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ExecStart=\/bin\/bash \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13.3 Service Docker<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl restart docker<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13.4 Red\u00e9marrage automatique d\u2019un agent IoT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Restart=always<br>RestartSec=10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9 avec :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Raspberry Pi ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>capteurs MQTT ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>applications Python.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Bonnes pratiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utiliser un utilisateur d\u00e9di\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9vite :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User=root<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e9f\u00e8re :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User=monitoring<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limiter les privil\u00e8ges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ajoute :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>NoNewPrivileges=true<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prot\u00e9ger le syst\u00e8me<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ProtectSystem=full<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Superviser les logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Surveille :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>red\u00e9marrages fr\u00e9quents ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>erreurs r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>crashs applicatifs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>permissions refus\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ne pas exposer inutilement des ports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ouvre uniquement les ports n\u00e9cessaires dans UFW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. Pour aller plus loin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux approfondir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>les timers systemd ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les sockets systemd ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la supervision avec Prometheus ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fail2ban ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les services Docker ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les unit\u00e9s mount ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les cgroups Linux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rsyslog ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>logrotate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. Liens vers les sites officiels, MOOC et contenus p\u00e9dagogiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation officielle systemd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/software\/systemd\/man\/systemctl.html\">https:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/software\/systemd\/man\/systemctl.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence officielle compl\u00e8te de <code>systemctl<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation journalctl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/software\/systemd\/man\/journalctl.html\">https:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/software\/systemd\/man\/journalctl.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle de gestion des journaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Debian systemd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/systemd\">https:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/systemd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile pour Debian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Ubuntu systemd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/documentation.ubuntu.com\/server\/explanation\/software\/changing-package-files\">https:\/\/documentation.ubuntu.com\/server\/explanation\/software\/changing-package-files<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation Ubuntu Server.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms Linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/7170491-administrez-un-systeme-linux\">https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/7170491-administrez-un-systeme-linux<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cours progressif administration Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms s\u00e9curit\u00e9 Linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/1753496-securisez-vos-systemes-linux\">https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/1753496-securisez-vos-systemes-linux<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s pertinent pour les bonnes pratiques syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RFC Syslog<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc5424\">https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc5424<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Norme officielle des logs syslog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. Propositions de TP<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 1 \u2014 G\u00e9rer un service SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u00e9marrer ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arr\u00eater ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>activer au boot ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>consulter les logs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 2 \u2014 Cr\u00e9er un service Python<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cr\u00e9er :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>un script Python ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un service systemd ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un red\u00e9marrage automatique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 3 \u2014 Diagnostiquer une panne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cr\u00e9er volontairement :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>un mauvais chemin Python ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un port occup\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une erreur de permission.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Analyser ensuite :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl<br>systemctl status<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 4 \u2014 S\u00e9curiser un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ajouter :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utilisateur d\u00e9di\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>protections systemd ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>r\u00e8gles UFW.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 5 \u2014 Supervision de logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cr\u00e9er :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">un suivi temps r\u00e9el avec <code>journalctl -f<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">un script qui \u00e9crit dans les logs ;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Sous Debian et Ubuntu, la gestion des services repose principalement sur systemd. Ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019initialisation d\u00e9marre les services au boot, surveille leur \u00e9tat, red\u00e9marre certains processus automatiquement et centralise les journaux syst\u00e8me. Dans un contexte BTS CIEL ou BTS SIO, tu utilises constamment des services : Comprendre le fonctionnement des services permet : [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,21,12,5,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administration-systeme","category-debian","category-linux","category-systeme","category-ubuntu"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche gestion des services sous Debian et Ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/systeme\/fiche-gestion-des-services-sous-debian-et-ubuntu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche gestion des services sous Debian et Ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. 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Introduction Sous Debian et Ubuntu, la gestion des services repose principalement sur systemd. Ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019initialisation d\u00e9marre les services au boot, surveille leur \u00e9tat, red\u00e9marre certains processus automatiquement et centralise les journaux syst\u00e8me. 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