{"id":396,"date":"2026-05-22T15:50:23","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:50:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=396"},"modified":"2026-05-22T15:54:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:54:57","slug":"fiche-commandes-de-base-linux-debian-ubuntu-grep-find-et-whichinviter-a-rejoindre-lequipe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-commandes-de-base-linux-debian-ubuntu-grep-find-et-whichinviter-a-rejoindre-lequipe\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche commandes de base linux debian &#8211; ubuntu : grep, find, which, cat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans un environnement Linux, tu passes \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de temps \u00e0 rechercher des fichiers, lire des contenus, identifier des commandes ou filtrer des informations. Ces op\u00e9rations deviennent rapidement indispensables en BTS CIEL ou SIO, notamment lorsque tu dois :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>analyser des logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>retrouver un fichier de configuration ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00e9rifier une installation ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9panner un service ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>automatiser des t\u00e2ches ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comprendre le fonctionnement d\u2019un syst\u00e8me Linux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente plusieurs commandes fondamentales sous Debian et Ubuntu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>grep<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>find<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>which<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>cat<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu vas apprendre \u00e0 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>rechercher du texte dans des fichiers ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>retrouver des fichiers sur le syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identifier l\u2019emplacement d\u2019une commande ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>afficher et concat\u00e9ner des fichiers ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>combiner ces commandes dans des cas concrets d\u2019administration syst\u00e8me et de cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces commandes constituent une base indispensable avant d\u2019aborder Bash, les scripts d\u2019automatisation, les logs syst\u00e8me ou les services r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sommaire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sommaire<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e9sentation des commandes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La commande <code>cat<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La commande <code>grep<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La commande <code>find<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La commande <code>which<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Combiner les commandes ensemble<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fichiers importants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bloc de configuration et d\u00e9monstration compl\u00e8te<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commandes de v\u00e9rification et d\u00e9pannage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Logs associ\u00e9s et analyse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ports et pare-feu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bonnes pratiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pour aller plus loin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liens vers des ressources p\u00e9dagogiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id\u00e9es de TP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Pr\u00e9sentation des commandes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Commande<\/th><th>R\u00f4le principal<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>cat<\/code><\/td><td>Lire ou concat\u00e9ner des fichiers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>grep<\/code><\/td><td>Rechercher du texte dans un fichier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>find<\/code><\/td><td>Rechercher des fichiers et dossiers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>which<\/code><\/td><td>Trouver l\u2019emplacement d\u2019une commande<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces commandes fonctionnent aussi bien sur Debian que sur Ubuntu. Elles sont install\u00e9es par d\u00e9faut dans pratiquement toutes les distributions Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># grep, find, which, cat<br><br>## Lire un fichier<br>cat fichier.txt<br><br>## Lire un fichier avec num\u00e9ros de lignes<br>cat -n fichier.txt<br><br>## Rechercher un mot dans un fichier<br>grep \"erreur\" fichier.log<br><br>## Rechercher sans tenir compte de la casse<br>grep -i \"error\" fichier.log<br><br>## Rechercher r\u00e9cursivement dans un dossier<br>grep -r \"Listen 80\" \/etc\/apache2\/<br><br>## Rechercher un fichier<br>find \/ -name \"apache2.conf\"<br><br>## Rechercher un fichier sans tenir compte de la casse<br>find \/etc -iname \"*.conf\"<br><br>## Rechercher les fichiers modifi\u00e9s il y a moins de 7 jours<br>find \/var\/log -mtime -7<br><br>## Rechercher un fichier par taille<br>find \/var -size +100M<br><br>## Trouver le chemin d'une commande<br>which apache2<br><br>## Combiner find et grep<br>find \/etc -name \"*.conf\" | grep apache<br><br>## Lire un log en temps r\u00e9el<br>tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog<br><br>## Chercher une erreur dans les logs<br>grep -i \"failed\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. La commande <code>cat<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 R\u00f4le de la commande<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La commande <code>cat<\/code> signifie \u00ab\u00a0concatenate\u00a0\u00bb. Elle permet :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u2019afficher le contenu d\u2019un fichier ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de fusionner plusieurs fichiers ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de cr\u00e9er rapidement un fichier ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u2019envoyer du contenu vers la sortie standard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 Syntaxe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat &#91;options] fichier<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 Lire un fichier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/hostname<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande affiche le nom de la machine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4 Afficher les num\u00e9ros de lignes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat -n \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-n<\/code> : ajoute un num\u00e9ro devant chaque ligne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile pour analyser un fichier de configuration ou un script.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5 Fusionner plusieurs fichiers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat fichier1.txt fichier2.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linux affiche les deux contenus \u00e0 la suite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.6 Cr\u00e9er un fichier rapidement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat &gt; test.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux ensuite \u00e9crire du texte puis terminer avec :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CTRL + D<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.7 Cas concret : lire un fichier de configuration Apache<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/apache2\/apache2.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux rapidement v\u00e9rifier :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>les modules charg\u00e9s ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les directives globales ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les chemins utilis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. La commande <code>grep<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 R\u00f4le de la commande<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>grep<\/code> recherche du texte dans un fichier ou dans la sortie d\u2019une commande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est l\u2019une des commandes les plus utilis\u00e9es en administration Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Syntaxe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep &#91;options] \"motif\" fichier<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 Rechercher un mot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep \"root\" \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande affiche les lignes contenant <code>root<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.4 Ignorer la casse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -i \"error\" fichier.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-i<\/code> : ignore les majuscules et minuscules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.5 Afficher les num\u00e9ros de lignes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -n \"PermitRootLogin\" \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-n<\/code> : affiche les num\u00e9ros de lignes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.6 Recherche r\u00e9cursive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -r \"DocumentRoot\" \/etc\/apache2\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-r<\/code> : recherche dans les sous-dossiers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.7 Rechercher plusieurs motifs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -E \"error|failed|denied\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-E<\/code> : active les expressions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res \u00e9tendues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.8 Inverser la recherche<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -v \"^#\" fichier.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-v<\/code> : affiche tout sauf le motif recherch\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ici, on masque les commentaires commen\u00e7ant par <code>#<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.9 Cas concret : analyser les tentatives SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux identifier :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>des attaques par brute force ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des utilisateurs inexistants ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des erreurs d\u2019authentification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. La commande <code>find<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.1 R\u00f4le de la commande<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>find<\/code> recherche des fichiers et dossiers selon diff\u00e9rents crit\u00e8res :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nom ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>taille ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>date ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>permissions ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>utilisateur ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>type de fichier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.2 Syntaxe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find chemin &#91;crit\u00e8res]<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.3 Rechercher un fichier par nom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/etc -name \"sshd_config\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.4 Ignorer la casse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/etc -iname \"SSHD_CONFIG\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-iname<\/code> : ignore la casse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5 Rechercher par extension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/var\/log -name \"*.log\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.6 Rechercher les fichiers r\u00e9cents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/home -mtime -7<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-mtime -7<\/code> : modifi\u00e9 il y a moins de 7 jours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.7 Rechercher les gros fichiers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/var -size +500M<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Option utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-size +500M<\/code> : fichiers sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 500 Mo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.8 Rechercher les fichiers d\u2019un utilisateur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/home -user ubuntu<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.9 Supprimer automatiquement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/tmp -type f -mtime +7 -delete<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette commande supprime les fichiers de plus de 7 jours dans <code>\/tmp<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attention : <code>-delete<\/code> agit imm\u00e9diatement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.10 Cas concret : retrouver une sauvegarde<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/backup -name \"*.sql\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile pour retrouver des dumps MariaDB ou PostgreSQL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. La commande <code>which<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1 R\u00f4le de la commande<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>which<\/code> affiche l\u2019emplacement d\u2019une commande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.2 Syntaxe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which commande<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.3 Exemple simple<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which python3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9sultat possible :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/usr\/bin\/python3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.4 V\u00e9rifier un logiciel install\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si la commande ne retourne rien, le programme n\u2019est probablement pas install\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.5 Comprendre le PATH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linux recherche les commandes dans les chemins pr\u00e9sents dans la variable <code>PATH<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux afficher cette variable :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>echo $PATH<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Combiner les commandes ensemble<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linux devient tr\u00e8s puissant lorsque tu combines les commandes avec des pipes <code>|<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.1 Trouver un fichier puis filtrer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/etc -name \"*.conf\" | grep apache<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.2 Chercher un service install\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which sshd | grep sbin<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.3 Chercher une erreur dans les logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/var\/log\/auth.log | grep \"Failed password\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00eame si cette syntaxe fonctionne, Linux pr\u00e9f\u00e8re souvent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette m\u00e9thode \u00e9vite un processus inutile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Fichiers importants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fichiers syst\u00e8me courants<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/passwd<br>\/etc\/group<br>\/etc\/shadow<br>\/etc\/hostname<br>\/etc\/hosts<br>\/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br>\/etc\/apache2\/apache2.conf<br>\/etc\/mysql\/mariadb.conf.d\/<br>\/var\/log\/syslog<br>\/var\/log\/auth.log<br>\/var\/log\/apache2\/access.log<br>\/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arborescence importante<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/           \u2192 fichiers de configuration<br>\/var\/log\/       \u2192 journaux syst\u00e8me<br>\/home\/          \u2192 dossiers utilisateurs<br>\/usr\/bin\/       \u2192 ex\u00e9cutables utilisateurs<br>\/usr\/sbin\/      \u2192 ex\u00e9cutables administrateur<br>\/tmp\/           \u2192 fichiers temporaires<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Bloc de configuration et d\u00e9monstration compl\u00e8te<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Rechercher la configuration SSH<br>find \/etc -name \"sshd_config\"<br><br># Lire le fichier SSH<br>cat \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br><br># Rechercher les lignes importantes<br>grep -n \"PermitRootLogin\" \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br>grep -n \"PasswordAuthentication\" \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br><br># Rechercher les erreurs SSH dans les logs<br>grep -i \"failed\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<br><br># Trouver l'emplacement du d\u00e9mon SSH<br>which sshd<br><br># Rechercher tous les fichiers de logs<br>find \/var\/log -name \"*.log\"<br><br># Rechercher les gros logs<br>find \/var\/log -size +100M<br><br># Afficher uniquement les erreurs Apache<br>grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<br><br># Rechercher r\u00e9cursivement une directive Apache<br>grep -r \"DocumentRoot\" \/etc\/apache2\/<br><br># Trouver les fichiers modifi\u00e9s r\u00e9cemment<br>find \/etc -mtime -2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Commandes de v\u00e9rification et d\u00e9pannage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier qu\u2019une commande existe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which grep<br>which find<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les permissions d\u2019un fichier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lire un fichier volumineux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>less \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>less<\/code> reste pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable \u00e0 <code>cat<\/code> pour les gros fichiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suivre un log en temps r\u00e9el<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>tail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rechercher les erreurs syst\u00e8me<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chercher les fichiers r\u00e9cemment modifi\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/etc -mtime -1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Logs associ\u00e9s et analyse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs principaux sous Debian\/Ubuntu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Log<\/th><th>Contenu<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/td><td>logs syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/td><td>authentification SSH et sudo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/kern.log<\/code><\/td><td>noyau Linux<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/code><\/td><td>erreurs Apache<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>\/var\/log\/apache2\/access.log<\/code><\/td><td>acc\u00e8s Apache<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lire les logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rechercher des erreurs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -i \"failed\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rechercher les connexions SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep \"sshd\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Activer journalctl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sur Debian et Ubuntu modernes, <code>systemd-journald<\/code> g\u00e8re aussi les logs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -xe<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Options utiles :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-x<\/code> : ajoute des explications ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-e<\/code> : positionne \u00e0 la fin du journal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les logs d\u2019un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Ports et pare-feu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces commandes ne n\u00e9cessitent pas d\u2019ouverture de ports r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant, les services analys\u00e9s peuvent utiliser certains ports :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Service<\/th><th>Port<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SSH<\/td><td>22<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Apache HTTP<\/td><td>80<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Apache HTTPS<\/td><td>443<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les ports ouverts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ss -tulpn<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier le pare-feu UFW<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autoriser SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow 22\/tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autoriser HTTPS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow 443\/tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Permission denied<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erreur :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Permission denied<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>fichier r\u00e9serv\u00e9 \u00e0 root.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solution :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cat \/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aucun r\u00e9sultat avec grep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause possible :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>casse incorrecte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solution :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -i<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aucun r\u00e9sultat avec find<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause possible :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mauvais chemin ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>extension incorrecte ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>faute dans le nom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">which ne retourne rien<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cause :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>logiciel absent ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>commande hors PATH.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. Bonnes pratiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utilise <code>grep -i<\/code> lorsque la casse peut varier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9vite <code>find \/<\/code> sans restriction sur un gros serveur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Privil\u00e9gie <code>less<\/code> pour les fichiers volumineux.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les logs syst\u00e8me.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilise <code>sudo<\/code> uniquement lorsque c\u2019est n\u00e9cessaire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e9rifie toujours les chemins avant un <code>-delete<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Combine les commandes avec des pipes pour gagner du temps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. Pour aller plus loin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s ces commandes de base, tu peux approfondir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>awk<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>sed<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>xargs<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>cut<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>sort<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>uniq<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wc<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>locate<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les expressions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les scripts Bash ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l\u2019automatisation syst\u00e8me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">18. Liens vers : les sites officiels, les mooc ou autres contenus p\u00e9dagogiques qui font r\u00e9f\u00e9rences, etc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation officielle GNU grep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/grep\/manual\/grep.html\">https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/grep\/manual\/grep.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle compl\u00e8te de <code>grep<\/code>, avec les expressions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res et toutes les options avanc\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation GNU findutils<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/findutils\/manual\/html_mono\/find.html\">https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/findutils\/manual\/html_mono\/find.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence officielle pour <code>find<\/code>, <code>xargs<\/code> et les recherches avanc\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Ubuntu sur les commandes Linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/tutorials\/command-line-for-beginners\">https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/tutorials\/command-line-for-beginners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s bon point de d\u00e9part pour les \u00e9tudiants d\u00e9butants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Debian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.debian.org\/doc\/manuals\/debian-reference\">https:\/\/www.debian.org\/doc\/manuals\/debian-reference<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence compl\u00e8te Debian pour l\u2019administration syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms &#8211; D\u00e9couvrez le fonctionnement des r\u00e9seaux TCP\/IP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/6944606-initiez-vous-aux-reseaux-tcp-ip\">https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/6944606-initiez-vous-aux-reseaux-tcp-ip<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Permet de mieux comprendre les services r\u00e9seau et les logs associ\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms &#8211; Apprenez \u00e0 utiliser la ligne de commande dans un terminal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/43538-reprenez-le-controle-a-laide-de-linux\">https:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/43538-reprenez-le-controle-a-laide-de-linux<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excellent cours Linux orient\u00e9 d\u00e9butants et administration syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RFC et standardisation POSIX<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.opengroup.org\/onlinepubs\/9699919799\">https:\/\/pubs.opengroup.org\/onlinepubs\/9699919799<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normes POSIX utilis\u00e9es par les syst\u00e8mes Unix\/Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">19. Id\u00e9es de TP<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 1 : Recherche de fichiers de configuration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>retrouver les fichiers <code>.conf<\/code> d\u2019Apache et SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identifier les fichiers r\u00e9cemment modifi\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/etc -name \"*.conf\"<br>find \/etc -mtime -7<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 2 : Analyse de logs SSH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u00e9tecter des erreurs de connexion ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identifier des attaques brute force.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 3 : Inventaire des gros fichiers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>trouver les fichiers volumineux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comprendre l\u2019espace disque utilis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/var -size +100M<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 4 : Recherche r\u00e9cursive Apache<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>retrouver toutes les directives <code>DocumentRoot<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -r \"DocumentRoot\" \/etc\/apache2\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 5 : Audit rapide d\u2019un serveur Linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>v\u00e9rifier la pr\u00e9sence des services ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyser les logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>retrouver les configurations principales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>which apache2<br>which sshd<br>grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<br>find \/etc -name \"*.conf\"<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Dans un environnement Linux, tu passes \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de temps \u00e0 rechercher des fichiers, lire des contenus, identifier des commandes ou filtrer des informations. Ces op\u00e9rations deviennent rapidement indispensables en BTS CIEL ou SIO, notamment lorsque tu dois : Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente plusieurs commandes fondamentales sous Debian et Ubuntu : Tu vas apprendre \u00e0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,21,12,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administration-systeme","category-debian","category-linux","category-ubuntu"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche commandes de base linux debian - ubuntu : grep, find, which, cat - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-commandes-de-base-linux-debian-ubuntu-grep-find-et-whichinviter-a-rejoindre-lequipe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche commandes de base linux debian - ubuntu : grep, find, which, cat - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. Introduction Dans un environnement Linux, tu passes \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de temps \u00e0 rechercher des fichiers, lire des contenus, identifier des commandes ou filtrer des informations. 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