{"id":393,"date":"2026-05-22T15:40:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:40:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=393"},"modified":"2026-05-22T15:43:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:43:58","slug":"fiche-commandes-de-bases-linux-debian-ubuntu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-commandes-de-bases-linux-debian-ubuntu\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche commandes de bases linux debian &#8211; ubuntu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cat\u00e9gorie WordPress :<\/strong> linux<br><strong>\u00c9tiquettes :<\/strong> debian, ubuntu, bash, terminal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorsque tu travailles sous Linux, la ma\u00eetrise des commandes de base devient indispensable. Dans un environnement BTS CIEL ou BTS SIO, tu vas r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement administrer des serveurs Debian ou Ubuntu, manipuler des fichiers, g\u00e9rer des utilisateurs, analyser des logs ou d\u00e9panner un syst\u00e8me directement depuis le terminal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette fiche te pr\u00e9sente les commandes essentielles \u00e0 conna\u00eetre pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>naviguer dans le syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>g\u00e9rer les fichiers ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>administrer les utilisateurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>surveiller les processus ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyser le r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comprendre les logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9panner rapidement un serveur Linux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019objectif consiste \u00e0 construire des bases solides avant d\u2019aborder des services plus avanc\u00e9s comme Apache, MariaDB, Docker, SSH ou Proxmox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sommaire<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sommaire<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprendre le terminal Linux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installation minimale des outils utiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navigation dans le syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des fichiers et dossiers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des utilisateurs et groupes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des permissions Linux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surveillance syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des services systemd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commandes r\u00e9seau essentielles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gestion des paquets Debian\/Ubuntu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fichiers importants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bloc complet de commandes utiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commandes de d\u00e9pannage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Logs Linux et analyse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et bonnes pratiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pour aller plus loin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liens utiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Propositions de TP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Comprendre le terminal Linux<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le terminal permet d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter des commandes directement sur le syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sous Debian et Ubuntu, le shell utilis\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut reste souvent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>bash<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le terminal offre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>un contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9cis du syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une administration distante via SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une automatisation avec des scripts ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des outils puissants de diagnostic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le prompt ressemble souvent \u00e0 ceci :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>utilisateur@serveur:~$<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explications :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>utilisateur<\/code> : compte connect\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>serveur<\/code> : nom de la machine ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>~<\/code> : dossier personnel ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>$<\/code> : utilisateur classique ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>#<\/code> : administrateur root.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Installation minimale des outils utiles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Debian minimal n\u2019installe pas toujours tous les outils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Installe les paquets importants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt install vim curl wget net-tools htop tree dnsutils ufw<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explications :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>vim<\/code> : \u00e9diteur de texte ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>curl<\/code> : requ\u00eates HTTP ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wget<\/code> : t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>net-tools<\/code> : anciennes commandes r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>htop<\/code> : surveillance syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>tree<\/code> : affichage arborescence ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>dnsutils<\/code> : outils DNS ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>ufw<\/code> : pare-feu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Navigation dans le syst\u00e8me<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Afficher le dossier courant<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>pwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Affiche le chemin actuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lister les fichiers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Options utiles :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-l<\/code> : format d\u00e9taill\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -la<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-a<\/code> : affiche les fichiers cach\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Changer de dossier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cd \/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retour au dossier personnel :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cd ~<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retour dossier pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cd ..<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Afficher une arborescence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>tree \/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Gestion des fichiers et dossiers<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cr\u00e9er un dossier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>mkdir test<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cr\u00e9er plusieurs niveaux :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>mkdir -p \/srv\/web\/site1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-p<\/code> : cr\u00e9e toute l\u2019arborescence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cr\u00e9er un fichier vide<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>touch fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Copier un fichier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cp fichier.txt sauvegarde.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copie r\u00e9cursive :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cp -r dossier1 dossier2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-r<\/code> : copie les dossiers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9placer ou renommer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>mv fichier.txt archive.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supprimer un fichier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>rm fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supprimer r\u00e9cursivement :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>rm -rf dossier<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attention :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-r<\/code> : r\u00e9cursif ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-f<\/code> : force suppression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lire un fichier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lecture pagin\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>less fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Gestion des utilisateurs et groupes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cr\u00e9er un utilisateur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo adduser jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le syst\u00e8me demande :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mot de passe ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>informations utilisateur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modifier un mot de passe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supprimer un utilisateur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo deluser jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supprimer aussi le dossier personnel :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo deluser --remove-home jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ajouter un utilisateur \u00e0 sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG sudo jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explications :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-a<\/code> : ajoute ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-G<\/code> : groupe secondaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les groupes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groups jean<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Gestion des permissions Linux<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Afficher les permissions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r--r--<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Correspondance :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Permission<\/th><th>Signification<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>r<\/td><td>lecture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>w<\/td><td>\u00e9criture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>x<\/td><td>ex\u00e9cution<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modifier les permissions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chmod 644 fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Valeurs courantes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Valeur<\/th><th>Signification<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>644<\/td><td>fichier classique<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>755<\/td><td>script ex\u00e9cutable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>700<\/td><td>priv\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modifier le propri\u00e9taire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown jean:jean fichier.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Surveillance syst\u00e8me<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les processus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps aux<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Surveillance temps r\u00e9el<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>top<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Version am\u00e9lior\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>htop<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir utilisation disque<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-h<\/code> : format lisible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taille des dossiers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>du -sh \/var\/log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e9moire RAM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Gestion des services systemd<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier un service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemctl status ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9marrer un service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl start ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arr\u00eater un service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl stop ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Red\u00e9marrer un service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl restart ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Activer au d\u00e9marrage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl enable ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les logs d\u2019un service<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Commandes r\u00e9seau essentielles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les interfaces<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip addr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les routes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip route<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester un ping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ping 8.8.8.8<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester DNS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dig google.com<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les ports ouverts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ss -tulpn<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explications :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-t<\/code> : TCP ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-u<\/code> : UDP ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-l<\/code> : \u00e9coute ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-p<\/code> : processus ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-n<\/code> : num\u00e9rique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester un port<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>nc -zv 192.168.1.10 22<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Gestion des paquets Debian\/Ubuntu<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mettre \u00e0 jour les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt update<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mettre \u00e0 jour les paquets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Installer un paquet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt install nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supprimer un paquet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt remove nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recherche de paquet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>apt search apache<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Commandes Linux Debian Ubuntu<br><br>## Navigation<br>pwd<br>ls -la<br>cd \/etc<br><br>## Fichiers<br>touch fichier.txt<br>cp fichier1 fichier2<br>mv ancien nouveau<br>rm -rf dossier<br><br>## Utilisateurs<br>adduser jean<br>passwd jean<br>usermod -aG sudo jean<br><br>## Permissions<br>chmod 755 script.sh<br>chown user:user fichier<br><br>## R\u00e9seau<br>ip addr<br>ip route<br>ping 8.8.8.8<br>ss -tulpn<br><br>## Services<br>systemctl status ssh<br>systemctl restart ssh<br><br>## Logs<br>journalctl -u ssh<br>tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog<br><br>## Paquets<br>apt update<br>apt upgrade<br>apt install nginx<br><br>## Firewall<br>ufw allow 22\/tcp<br>ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Fichiers importants<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utilisateurs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Groupes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/group<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Passwords chiffr\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9seau<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ubuntu Netplan :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/netplan\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DNS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/resolv.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Services systemd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/systemd\/system\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/var\/log\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. Bloc complet de commandes utiles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Navigation<br>pwd<br>ls -la<br>cd \/etc<br><br># Fichiers<br>touch fichier.txt<br>mkdir test<br>cp fichier.txt sauvegarde.txt<br>mv sauvegarde.txt archive.txt<br>rm fichier.txt<br><br># Utilisateurs<br>sudo adduser jean<br>sudo passwd jean<br>sudo usermod -aG sudo jean<br><br># Permissions<br>chmod 755 script.sh<br>sudo chown jean:jean script.sh<br><br># R\u00e9seau<br>ip addr<br>ip route<br>ping 8.8.8.8<br>ss -tulpn<br><br># Services<br>systemctl status ssh<br>sudo systemctl restart ssh<br><br># Logs<br>journalctl -u ssh<br>tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog<br><br># Paquets<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade<br>sudo apt install nginx<br><br># Firewall<br>sudo ufw allow 22\/tcp<br>sudo ufw enable<br>sudo ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. Commandes de d\u00e9pannage<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les erreurs syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dmesg<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs temps r\u00e9el<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier espace disque<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier RAM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir ports ouverts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ss -tulpn<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier DNS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dig debian.org<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. Logs Linux et analyse<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Journal systemd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs SSH<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs kernel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dmesg<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs authentification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suivre un log<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>tail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux y voir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>connexions SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>erreurs sudo ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>crash syst\u00e8me ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>erreurs r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>services en \u00e9chec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">18. Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mauvaises permissions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un script sans permission ex\u00e9cutable ne d\u00e9marre pas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Correction :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chmod +x script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suppression dangereuse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Commande risqu\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>rm -rf \/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toujours v\u00e9rifier le chemin avant validation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oubli sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certaines commandes n\u00e9cessitent les droits administrateur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mauvaise commande r\u00e9seau<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>ifconfig<\/code> devient obsol\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Privil\u00e9gie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip addr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">19. S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et bonnes pratiques<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utilise <code>sudo<\/code> plut\u00f4t que root.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limite les permissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supprime les comptes inutiles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyse r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les logs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mets les paquets \u00e0 jour.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Active le pare-feu UFW.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9sactive les services inutiles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sauvegarde les fichiers critiques.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e9rifie les ports ouverts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">20. Pour aller plus loin<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux approfondir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bash scripting ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>systemd ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Docker ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nftables ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SELinux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AppArmor ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>supervision Linux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>automatisation Ansible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux \u00e9galement \u00e9tudier :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>grep ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>awk ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sed ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cron ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rsync ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tmux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>journald.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">21. Liens utiles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Debian administration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.debian.org\/doc\/manuals\/debian-reference\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle Debian tr\u00e8s compl\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Ubuntu Server<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/ubuntu.com\/server\/docs\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle Ubuntu Server.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation systemd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/software\/systemd\/man\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle systemd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms \u2014 Administrez Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/7172076-administrez-un-systeme-linux\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s bon cours Linux orient\u00e9 administration syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms \u2014 D\u00e9couvrez les r\u00e9seaux informatiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/6944606-initiez-vous-aux-reseaux-informatiques\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excellent support pour les bases r\u00e9seau Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation Bash GNU<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/bash\/manual\/bash.html\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation officielle Bash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Linux man-pages<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des commandes Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">22. Propositions de TP<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 1 \u2014 Navigation Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utiliser <code>cd<\/code>, <code>ls<\/code>, <code>pwd<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cr\u00e9er une arborescence ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manipuler des fichiers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 2 \u2014 Gestion utilisateurs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cr\u00e9er des comptes ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>modifier des mots de passe ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>g\u00e9rer les groupes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 3 \u2014 Permissions Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>modifier les permissions ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comprendre chmod ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>s\u00e9curiser des scripts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 4 \u2014 Supervision syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utiliser <code>top<\/code>, <code>htop<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>surveiller RAM et CPU ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyser les logs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 5 \u2014 D\u00e9pannage r\u00e9seau<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utiliser <code>ip addr<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tester DNS ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyser les ports ouverts ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00e9rifier les services r\u00e9seau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cat\u00e9gorie WordPress : linux\u00c9tiquettes : debian, ubuntu, bash, terminal 1. Introduction Lorsque tu travailles sous Linux, la ma\u00eetrise des commandes de base devient indispensable. Dans un environnement BTS CIEL ou BTS SIO, tu vas r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement administrer des serveurs Debian ou Ubuntu, manipuler des fichiers, g\u00e9rer des utilisateurs, analyser des logs ou d\u00e9panner un syst\u00e8me directement [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-systeme"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche commandes de bases linux debian - ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-commandes-de-bases-linux-debian-ubuntu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche commandes de bases linux debian - ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cat\u00e9gorie WordPress : linux\u00c9tiquettes : debian, ubuntu, bash, terminal 1. 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