{"id":386,"date":"2026-05-22T15:09:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:09:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=386"},"modified":"2026-05-22T15:09:35","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:09:35","slug":"fiche-vlan-sur-debian-avec-etc-network-interfaces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-vlan-sur-debian-avec-etc-network-interfaces\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche vlan sur debian avec \/etc\/network\/interfaces"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans un environnement professionnel, tu segmentes souvent le r\u00e9seau en plusieurs VLAN afin d\u2019isoler les flux, s\u00e9curiser les \u00e9changes ou s\u00e9parer diff\u00e9rents services. Tu retrouves cette configuration dans les entreprises, les salles serveurs, les infrastructures virtualis\u00e9es ou les laboratoires r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sous Debian et Ubuntu Server, tu peux configurer les VLAN directement dans le fichier <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code> gr\u00e2ce au module <code>8021q<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette fiche t\u2019apprend \u00e0 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>comprendre le fonctionnement des VLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>configurer un VLAN sous Debian ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>g\u00e9rer plusieurs VLAN sur une m\u00eame interface ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>diagnostiquer les probl\u00e8mes r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>s\u00e9curiser la configuration ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00e9rifier les communications ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>configurer le pare-feu UFW selon les besoins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019objectif p\u00e9dagogique correspond parfaitement aux comp\u00e9tences r\u00e9seau du BTS CIEL et du BTS SIO : administration Linux, segmentation r\u00e9seau et s\u00e9curisation des infrastructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sommaire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sommaire<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprendre le fonctionnement des VLAN<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installer les outils n\u00e9cessaires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Structure du fichier <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Configurer un VLAN sous Debian<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exemple complet avec plusieurs VLAN<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Configuration du pare-feu UFW<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e9rifier le fonctionnement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commandes utiles et d\u00e9pannage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Logs associ\u00e9s et diagnostic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fichiers importants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conclusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pour aller plus loin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liens vers les ressources officielles et p\u00e9dagogiques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Propositions de TP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Comprendre le fonctionnement des VLAN<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un VLAN (Virtual LAN) permet de d\u00e9couper logiquement un r\u00e9seau physique en plusieurs r\u00e9seaux ind\u00e9pendants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VLAN 10 \u2192 administration ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 20 \u2192 utilisateurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 30 \u2192 serveurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 40 \u2192 VoIP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00eame si tous les \u00e9quipements utilisent le m\u00eame switch physique, chaque VLAN reste isol\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le standard utilis\u00e9 s\u2019appelle :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IEEE 802.1Q ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>souvent not\u00e9 8021q sous Linux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le switch ajoute un tag VLAN dans les trames Ethernet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>VLAN<\/th><th>R\u00e9seau<\/th><th>Usage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>10<\/td><td>192.168.10.0\/24<\/td><td>Administration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20<\/td><td>192.168.20.0\/24<\/td><td>Utilisateurs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>30<\/td><td>192.168.30.0\/24<\/td><td>Serveurs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sous Linux, un VLAN devient une interface virtuelle :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>eth0.10<br>eth0.20<br>eth0.30<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La syntaxe correspond \u00e0 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>interface_physique.ID_VLAN<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Installer les outils n\u00e9cessaires<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Debian utilise le module noyau <code>8021q<\/code> pour g\u00e9rer les VLAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Installe les outils r\u00e9seau :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt install vlan ifupdown net-tools<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>vlan<\/code> : outils VLAN Linux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>ifupdown<\/code> : gestion classique des interfaces r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>net-tools<\/code> : fournit <code>ifconfig<\/code>, <code>route<\/code>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charge ensuite le module VLAN :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo modprobe 8021q<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier le chargement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>lsmod | grep 8021q<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Charger automatiquement le module au d\u00e9marrage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ajoute :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>8021q<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/modules<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Structure du fichier \/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le fichier principal se trouve ici :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Debian lit ce fichier au d\u00e9marrage du r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arborescence classique :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/network\/<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 interfaces<br>\u251c\u2500\u2500 interfaces.d\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux \u00e9galement s\u00e9parer les configurations dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces.d\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela facilite l\u2019administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Configurer un VLAN sous Debian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imaginons :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>interface physique : <code>ens33<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN : <code>10<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IP : <code>192.168.10.10\/24<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>passerelle : <code>192.168.10.1<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La configuration devient :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>auto ens33<br>iface ens33 inet manual<br><br>auto ens33.10<br>iface ens33.10 inet static<br>    address 192.168.10.10\/24<br>    gateway 192.168.10.1<br>    vlan-raw-device ens33<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications d\u00e9taill\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>iface ens33 inet manual<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linux active l\u2019interface physique sans lui attribuer d\u2019adresse IP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu fais cela car les VLAN porteront les adresses IP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>ens33.10<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>ens33<\/code> = interface physique ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>.10<\/code> = VLAN ID 10.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>inet static<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu d\u00e9finis une adresse IP statique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>vlan-raw-device ens33<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette ligne indique :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>quelle interface physique transporte les VLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>souvent appel\u00e9e interface trunk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Exemple complet avec plusieurs VLAN<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Voici une configuration r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un serveur Linux poss\u00e8de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VLAN 10 \u2192 administration ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 20 \u2192 serveurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 30 \u2192 supervision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bloc de configuration complet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># Interface physique<br>auto ens33<br>iface ens33 inet manual<br><br># VLAN 10 - Administration<br>auto ens33.10<br>iface ens33.10 inet static<br>    address 192.168.10.10\/24<br>    gateway 192.168.10.1<br>    vlan-raw-device ens33<br><br># VLAN 20 - Serveurs<br>auto ens33.20<br>iface ens33.20 inet static<br>    address 192.168.20.10\/24<br>    vlan-raw-device ens33<br><br># VLAN 30 - Supervision<br>auto ens33.30<br>iface ens33.30 inet static<br>    address 192.168.30.10\/24<br>    vlan-raw-device ens33<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Important concernant la passerelle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu ne d\u00e9finis g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement qu\u2019une seule gateway par serveur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sinon, Linux risque d\u2019utiliser plusieurs routes par d\u00e9faut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Configuration du pare-feu UFW<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cas 1 : serveur accessible uniquement dans le VLAN administration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autoriser SSH uniquement depuis le VLAN 10 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0\/24 to any port 22 proto tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>from<\/code> : r\u00e9seau autoris\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>port 22<\/code> : SSH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>proto tcp<\/code> : protocole TCP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cas 2 : serveur web dans le VLAN 20<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autoriser HTTP et HTTPS :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw allow 80\/tcp<br>sudo ufw allow 443\/tcp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les r\u00e8gles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Activer UFW<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ufw enable<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. V\u00e9rifier le fonctionnement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les interfaces VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip addr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir uniquement les VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip -d link show<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester la connectivit\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ping 192.168.10.1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les routes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip route<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les tags VLAN re\u00e7us<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo tcpdump -i ens33 -e vlan<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-i ens33<\/code> : interface r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-e<\/code> : affiche les informations Ethernet ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>vlan<\/code> : filtre les trames VLAN.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Commandes utiles et d\u00e9pannage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Red\u00e9marrer le r\u00e9seau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo systemctl restart networking<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monter une interface VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ifup ens33.10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9sactiver une interface VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ifdown ens33.10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier la carte r\u00e9seau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ip link<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier la n\u00e9gociation r\u00e9seau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ethtool ens33<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier les VLAN connus du noyau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/proc\/net\/vlan\/config<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir le d\u00e9tail d\u2019un VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/proc\/net\/vlan\/ens33.10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scanner les h\u00f4tes pr\u00e9sents dans un VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo nmap -sn 192.168.10.0\/24<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tester un port pr\u00e9cis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>nc -zv 192.168.10.20 22<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-z<\/code> : scan sans session ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-v<\/code> : mode verbeux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Logs associ\u00e9s et diagnostic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs r\u00e9seau systemd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u networking<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs du noyau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dmesg | grep VLAN<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voir les erreurs r\u00e9seau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -xe<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs NetworkManager<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si NetworkManager g\u00e8re le r\u00e9seau :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>journalctl -u NetworkManager<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ce que tu peux voir dans les logs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>interface absente ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>erreur de syntaxe ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN non cr\u00e9\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>route invalide ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>conflit IP ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>absence du module 8021q ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>probl\u00e8me de trunk sur le switch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemple classique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>RTNETLINK answers: File exists<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cela signifie souvent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>qu\u2019une route existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ou qu\u2019une interface porte d\u00e9j\u00e0 cette configuration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oublier le trunk sur le switch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le serveur Linux peut \u00eatre correctement configur\u00e9, mais le switch refuse les tags VLAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans ce cas :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>aucun ping ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>aucune communication ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN invisible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finir plusieurs gateways<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Linux cr\u00e9e plusieurs routes par d\u00e9faut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9sultat :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>comportement instable ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trafic asym\u00e9trique ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>perte de connectivit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utiliser DHCP sur l\u2019interface physique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019interface physique doit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement rester en <code>manual<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oublier le module 8021q<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sans le module :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>les interfaces VLAN ne montent pas ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Debian ignore les tags VLAN.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Fichiers importants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<br>\/etc\/network\/interfaces.d\/<br>\/etc\/modules<br>\/proc\/net\/vlan\/config<br>\/proc\/net\/vlan\/<br>\/etc\/ufw\/user.rules<br>\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Synth\u00e8se Markdown pour ta fiche bristol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># VLAN Debian avec \/etc\/network\/interfaces<br><br>## Installation<br><br>```bash<br>sudo apt install vlan ifupdown<br>sudo modprobe 8021q<br>```<br><br>## Module automatique<br><br>Fichier :<br><br>```text<br>\/etc\/modules<br>```<br><br>Ajouter :<br><br>```text<br>8021q<br>```<br><br>## Configuration VLAN<br><br>Fichier :<br><br>```text<br>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<br>```<br><br>Exemple :<br><br>```bash<br>auto ens33<br>iface ens33 inet manual<br><br>auto ens33.10<br>iface ens33.10 inet static<br>    address 192.168.10.10\/24<br>    gateway 192.168.10.1<br>    vlan-raw-device ens33<br>```<br><br>## V\u00e9rification<br><br>```bash<br>ip addr<br>ip -d link show<br>cat \/proc\/net\/vlan\/config<br>```<br><br>## Red\u00e9marrage r\u00e9seau<br><br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart networking<br>```<br><br>## Pare-feu<br><br>```bash<br>sudo ufw allow from 192.168.10.0\/24 to any port 22 proto tcp<br>```<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les VLAN repr\u00e9sentent une comp\u00e9tence indispensable en administration r\u00e9seau moderne. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Debian et au fichier <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code>, tu peux construire une architecture propre, segment\u00e9e et s\u00e9curis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette approche reste tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dans les serveurs physiques ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les hyperviseurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les infrastructures virtualis\u00e9es ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les laboratoires r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les environnements professionnels Linux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prends l\u2019habitude de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>documenter les VLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>limiter les acc\u00e8s avec UFW ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00e9rifier les routes ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>surveiller les logs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tester les communications apr\u00e8s chaque modification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. Pour aller plus loin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tu peux approfondir les sujets suivants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bridge Linux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>bonding r\u00e9seau ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN sur Proxmox ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>routage inter-VLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pfSense ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Open vSwitch ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VXLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>segmentation r\u00e9seau en cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>architecture Zero Trust ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN natif ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trunk 802.1Q ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spanning Tree.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. Liens vers : les sites officiels, les mooc ou autres contenus p\u00e9dagogiques qui font r\u00e9f\u00e9rences, etc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation officielle Debian VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/NetworkConfiguration\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La documentation Debian explique les diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9thodes de configuration r\u00e9seau, notamment avec <code>ifupdown<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation officielle interfaces Debian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/manpages.debian.org\/bookworm\/ifupdown\/interfaces.5.en.html\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette page d\u00e9crit pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la syntaxe du fichier <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation officielle du module 8021q<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/html\/latest\/networking\/8021q.html\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documentation du noyau Linux sur le fonctionnement des VLAN IEEE 802.1Q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RFC IEEE 802.1Q<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/802_1Q-2022.html\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence officielle du standard VLAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documentation UFW Ubuntu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/help.ubuntu.com\/community\/UFW\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s bonne documentation pour comprendre le pare-feu UFW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms \u2014 D\u00e9couvrez le fonctionnement des r\u00e9seaux TCP\/IP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/6944606-initiez-vous-aux-reseaux-informatiques\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excellent cours pour comprendre VLAN, routage et segmentation r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms \u2014 Administrez Linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/7170491-administrez-linux\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00e8s utile pour apprendre les commandes r\u00e9seau Linux et l\u2019administration syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OpenClassrooms \u2014 S\u00e9curisez vos infrastructures num\u00e9riques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/openclassrooms.com\/fr\/courses\/8062746-securisez-vos-infrastructures-numeriques\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Approche cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la segmentation r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">18. Propositions de TP pour s\u2019exercer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 1 \u2014 Cr\u00e9er un VLAN administration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cr\u00e9er un VLAN 10 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>attribuer une IP ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tester la connectivit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>configurer <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00e9rifier avec <code>ip addr<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tester le ping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 2 \u2014 Configurer plusieurs VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cr\u00e9er trois VLAN ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>attribuer des r\u00f4les diff\u00e9rents ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>contr\u00f4ler les routes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VLAN 10 \u2192 admin ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 20 \u2192 serveurs ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLAN 30 \u2192 supervision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 3 \u2014 Analyser les trames VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>observer les tags 802.1Q.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utiliser <code>tcpdump<\/code> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>capturer les trames ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identifier les VLAN ID.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 4 \u2014 S\u00e9curiser les acc\u00e8s avec UFW<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>limiter SSH \u00e0 un VLAN pr\u00e9cis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travail demand\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cr\u00e9er des r\u00e8gles UFW ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tester depuis plusieurs r\u00e9seaux ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>analyser les logs firewall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TP 5 \u2014 D\u00e9panner une configuration VLAN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objectif :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>corriger une panne r\u00e9seau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pannes possibles :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mauvais VLAN ID ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trunk absent ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mauvaise gateway ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IP incorrecte ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>module 8021q absent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Dans un environnement professionnel, tu segmentes souvent le r\u00e9seau en plusieurs VLAN afin d\u2019isoler les flux, s\u00e9curiser les \u00e9changes ou s\u00e9parer diff\u00e9rents services. Tu retrouves cette configuration dans les entreprises, les salles serveurs, les infrastructures virtualis\u00e9es ou les laboratoires r\u00e9seau. Sous Debian et Ubuntu Server, tu peux configurer les VLAN directement dans le [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,21,12,10,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-8021q","category-debian","category-linux","category-reseau","category-vlan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche vlan sur debian avec \/etc\/network\/interfaces - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-vlan-sur-debian-avec-etc-network-interfaces\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche vlan sur debian avec \/etc\/network\/interfaces - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. Introduction Dans un environnement professionnel, tu segmentes souvent le r\u00e9seau en plusieurs VLAN afin d\u2019isoler les flux, s\u00e9curiser les \u00e9changes ou s\u00e9parer diff\u00e9rents services. Tu retrouves cette configuration dans les entreprises, les salles serveurs, les infrastructures virtualis\u00e9es ou les laboratoires r\u00e9seau. 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