{"id":312,"date":"2026-05-03T18:37:04","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T16:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=312"},"modified":"2026-05-03T18:37:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-03T16:37:25","slug":"fiche-root-et-sudo-sous-debian-ubuntu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-root-et-sudo-sous-debian-ubuntu\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche root et sudo sous debian \/ ubuntu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><audio autoplay=\"\"><\/audio><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sous Linux, l\u2019utilisateur <strong>root<\/strong> poss\u00e8de tous les droits sur le syst\u00e8me.<br>La commande <strong>sudo<\/strong> permet \u00e0 un utilisateur standard d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter des commandes avec des privil\u00e8ges administrateur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Objectifs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>- comprendre le r\u00f4le de root<br>- utiliser sudo correctement<br>- installer et configurer sudo (Debian)<br>- g\u00e9rer les droits administrateur<br>- s\u00e9curiser l\u2019acc\u00e8s au syst\u00e8me<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b832c8ea-9a41-471c-8340-592142b1c290-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b832c8ea-9a41-471c-8340-592142b1c290-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b832c8ea-9a41-471c-8340-592142b1c290-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b832c8ea-9a41-471c-8340-592142b1c290-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/b832c8ea-9a41-471c-8340-592142b1c290.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utilisateur root<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>root = super-utilisateur<br>\u2192 acc\u00e8s total au syst\u00e8me<br>\u2192 aucun contr\u00f4le de restriction<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acc\u00e8s root<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sur Debian :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>su -<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Sur Ubuntu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>root est d\u00e9sactiv\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut<br>\u2192 utilisation de sudo obligatoire<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finir un mot de passe root (Ubuntu)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd root<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9sactiver root<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd -l root<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commande sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo = ex\u00e9cuter une commande avec privil\u00e8ges root<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utilisation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo commande<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Exemples :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo apt update<br>sudo systemctl restart ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lancer un shell root<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo -i<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Alternative :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo su<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Important sur Debian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo n\u2019est PAS install\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut sur Debian minimal<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Installer sudo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>su -<br>apt update<br>apt install sudo -y<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ajouter un utilisateur au groupe sudo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>usermod -aG sudo user1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00e9rifier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groups user1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reconnexion n\u00e9cessaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>L\u2019utilisateur doit se reconnecter pour que les droits soient pris en compte<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Groupe sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groupe : sudo<br>\u2192 utilisateurs autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 utiliser sudo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fichier sudoers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Fichier principal :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/sudoers<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Toujours modifier avec :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>visudo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemple de r\u00e8gle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>user1 ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sans mot de passe (optionnel)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diff\u00e9rences entre commandes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Commande<\/th><th>Fonction<\/th><th>Recommandation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>su -<\/code><\/td><td>shell root complet<\/td><td>acceptable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>sudo -i<\/code><\/td><td>shell root s\u00e9curis\u00e9<\/td><td>recommand\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>su -s<\/code><\/td><td>shell sp\u00e9cifique<\/td><td>cas particulier<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi privil\u00e9gier sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>- pas besoin d\u2019activer root<br>- tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des actions<br>- gestion fine des droits<br>- meilleure s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Logs sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Commande :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep sudo \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timeout sudo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo -k<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Configuration :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Defaults timestamp_timeout=5<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commandes utiles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>whoami<br>id<br>sudo -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Probl\u00e8mes fr\u00e9quents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Probl\u00e8me<\/th><th>Cause<\/th><th>Solution<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>user not in sudoers<\/td><td>pas dans groupe sudo<\/td><td>usermod -aG sudo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>permission denied<\/td><td>commande root<\/td><td>utiliser sudo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sudo demande mot de passe<\/td><td>comportement normal<\/td><td>config sudoers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>erreur sudoers<\/td><td>mauvaise \u00e9dition<\/td><td>utiliser visudo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sudo absent<\/td><td>Debian minimal<\/td><td>apt install sudo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bonnes pratiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>- utiliser sudo plut\u00f4t que root<br>- limiter les utilisateurs sudo<br>- ne pas utiliser NOPASSWD en production<br>- utiliser visudo pour toute modification<br>- surveiller les logs<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fichiers importants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/etc\/sudoers<br>\/etc\/passwd<br>\/etc\/shadow<br>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemple complet (Debian)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>su -<br>apt update<br>apt install sudo -y<br><br>adduser admin<br>usermod -aG sudo admin<br><br>su - admin<br><br>sudo apt update<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c0 retenir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>root = acc\u00e8s total (dangereux)<br>sudo = acc\u00e8s contr\u00f4l\u00e9 (recommand\u00e9)<br><br>sur Debian :<br>\u2192 sudo doit \u00eatre install\u00e9<br>\u2192 utilisateur doit \u00eatre ajout\u00e9 au groupe sudo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><audio autoplay=\"\"><\/audio><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sous Linux, l\u2019utilisateur root poss\u00e8de tous les droits sur le syst\u00e8me.La commande sudo permet \u00e0 un utilisateur standard d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter des commandes avec des privil\u00e8ges administrateur. Objectifs : Utilisateur root D\u00e9finition Acc\u00e8s root Sur Debian : Sur Ubuntu : D\u00e9finir un mot de passe root (Ubuntu) D\u00e9sactiver root Commande sudo Principe Utilisation Exemples : Lancer un [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-systeme"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche root et sudo sous debian \/ ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-root-et-sudo-sous-debian-ubuntu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche root et sudo sous debian \/ ubuntu - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sous Linux, l\u2019utilisateur root poss\u00e8de tous les droits sur le syst\u00e8me.La commande sudo permet \u00e0 un utilisateur standard d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter des commandes avec des privil\u00e8ges administrateur. 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