{"id":294,"date":"2026-05-03T17:11:04","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T15:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=294"},"modified":"2026-05-03T17:11:05","modified_gmt":"2026-05-03T15:11:05","slug":"fiche-cron-sous-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-cron-sous-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche cron sous Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

cron<\/code> permet de planifier automatiquement l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de commandes ou de scripts sous Linux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il est utile pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- lancer des sauvegardes
- nettoyer des fichiers temporaires
- ex\u00e9cuter un script de maintenance
- red\u00e9marrer un service
- g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des rapports
- automatiser une t\u00e2che d\u2019administration<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c9diter la crontab utilisateur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
crontab -e<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Afficher les t\u00e2ches planifi\u00e9es :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
crontab -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Supprimer toute la crontab de l\u2019utilisateur :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
crontab -r<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Structure d\u2019une ligne cron<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
* * * * * commande
| | | | |
| | | | +---- jour de la semaine : 0-7
| | | +------ mois : 1-12
| | +-------- jour du mois : 1-31
| +---------- heure : 0-23
+------------ minute : 0-59<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
30 2 * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/sauvegarde.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Cette ligne ex\u00e9cute le script sauvegarde.sh<\/code> tous les jours \u00e0 02h30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exemples courants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che toutes les minutes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
* * * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che toutes les 5 minutes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
*\/5 * * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che toutes les heures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 * * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che tous les jours \u00e0 03h00<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 3 * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che tous les lundis \u00e0 08h30<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
30 8 * * 1 \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che le premier jour de chaque mois<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 2 1 * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che du lundi au vendredi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 7 * * 1-5 \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Ex\u00e9cuter une t\u00e2che toutes les 2 heures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 *\/2 * * * \/usr\/local\/bin\/script.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Exemples d\u2019administration syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sauvegarde d\u2019un dossier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 2 * * * tar -czf \/backup\/etc-$(date +\\%F).tar.gz \/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Dans cron, le caract\u00e8re %<\/code> doit \u00eatre \u00e9chapp\u00e9 avec \\%<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sauvegarde avec script d\u00e9di\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 2 * * * \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Script possible :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#!\/bin\/bash
tar -czf \/backup\/home-$(date +%F).tar.gz \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Rendre le script ex\u00e9cutable :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chmod +x \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Nettoyage des fichiers temporaires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 4 * * * find \/tmp -type f -mtime +7 -delete<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Cette commande supprime les fichiers de \/tmp<\/code> datant de plus de 7 jours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Red\u00e9marrage d\u2019un service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 5 * * 0 systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Cette t\u00e2che red\u00e9marre Apache tous les dimanches \u00e0 05h00.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e9rification d\u2019espace disque<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
*\/30 * * * * df -h > \/var\/log\/disk-usage.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Test de disponibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un serveur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
*\/5 * * * * ping -c 3 192.168.1.1 >> \/var\/log\/ping-routeur.log 2>&1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Synchronisation avec rsync<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
0 1 * * * rsync -av \/home\/ \/backup\/home\/<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Redirection des sorties<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Par d\u00e9faut, cron peut envoyer les sorties par mail local.
Il est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable de rediriger les sorties vers un fichier de log.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0 2 * * * \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh >> \/var\/log\/backup.log 2>&1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Explication :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
>>  ajoute la sortie standard dans le fichier
2>&1 ajoute aussi les erreurs dans le m\u00eame fichier<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Pour ignorer toute sortie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0 2 * * * \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh > \/dev\/null 2>&1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Variables utiles dans crontab<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
On peut d\u00e9finir des variables au d\u00e9but de la crontab :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SHELL=\/bin\/bash
PATH=\/usr\/local\/sbin:\/usr\/local\/bin:\/usr\/sbin:\/usr\/bin:\/sbin:\/bin
MAILTO=\"\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Exemple complet :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SHELL=\/bin\/bash
PATH=\/usr\/local\/sbin:\/usr\/local\/bin:\/usr\/sbin:\/usr\/bin:\/sbin:\/bin
MAILTO=\"\"

0 2 * * * \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh >> \/var\/log\/backup.log 2>&1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Crontab syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
La crontab syst\u00e8me se trouve dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/etc\/crontab<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Elle contient un champ suppl\u00e9mentaire : l\u2019utilisateur qui ex\u00e9cute la commande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0 2 * * * root \/opt\/scripts\/backup.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
R\u00e9pertoires cron syst\u00e8me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Linux utilise aussi des r\u00e9pertoires d\u00e9di\u00e9s :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/etc\/cron.hourly
\/etc\/cron.daily
\/etc\/cron.weekly
\/etc\/cron.monthly<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Un script plac\u00e9 dans \/etc\/cron.daily<\/code> sera ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 automatiquement selon la configuration du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e9rifier le service cron<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sur Debian\/Ubuntu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
systemctl status cron<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Red\u00e9marrer cron :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
systemctl restart cron<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Activer cron au d\u00e9marrage :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
systemctl enable cron<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Sur certaines distributions, le service peut s\u2019appeler crond<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
systemctl status crond<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Consulter les logs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sur Debian\/Ubuntu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep CRON \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Avec systemd :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl -u cron<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
ou :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl -u crond<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Erreurs fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Probl\u00e8me<\/th>Cause probable<\/th>Correction<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Le script ne se lance pas<\/td>Script non ex\u00e9cutable<\/td>chmod +x script.sh<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
La commande fonctionne en terminal mais pas avec cron<\/td>PATH incomplet<\/td>Utiliser les chemins absolus<\/td><\/tr>
Pas de log<\/td>Sortie non redirig\u00e9e<\/td>Ajouter >> fichier.log 2>&1<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Date mal interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e<\/td>%<\/code> non \u00e9chapp\u00e9<\/td>Utiliser \\%<\/code> dans la crontab<\/td><\/tr>
Droits insuffisants<\/td>Mauvais utilisateur<\/td>Utiliser la crontab root ou \/etc\/crontab<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Service non actif<\/td>cron arr\u00eat\u00e9<\/td>systemctl status cron<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Bonnes pratiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
- utiliser des chemins absolus
- rediriger les sorties vers des logs
- tester les scripts manuellement avant cron
- rendre les scripts ex\u00e9cutables
- documenter chaque t\u00e2che
- \u00e9viter les commandes trop longues dans la crontab
- pr\u00e9f\u00e9rer un script d\u00e9di\u00e9 pour les t\u00e2ches complexes<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Exemple complet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Objectif : sauvegarder \/etc<\/code> tous les jours \u00e0 02h30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cr\u00e9er le script :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nano \/opt\/scripts\/backup-etc.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Contenu :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#!\/bin\/bash

DATE=$(date +%F)
DEST=\"\/backup\/etc-$DATE.tar.gz\"

tar -czf \"$DEST\" \/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Droits :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chmod +x \/opt\/scripts\/backup-etc.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Crontab :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
30 2 * * * \/opt\/scripts\/backup-etc.sh >> \/var\/log\/backup-etc.log 2>&1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
R\u00e9capitulatif des fichiers importants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/spool\/cron\/crontabs\/     crontabs utilisateurs
\/etc\/crontab                  crontab syst\u00e8me
\/etc\/cron.hourly              scripts horaires
\/etc\/cron.daily               scripts quotidiens
\/etc\/cron.weekly              scripts hebdomadaires
\/etc\/cron.monthly             scripts mensuels
\/var\/log\/syslog               logs cron Debian\/Ubuntu
\/var\/log\/cron                 logs cron selon distributions<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u00c0 retenir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
cron<\/code> est un outil simple et puissant pour automatiser les t\u00e2ches d\u2019administration Linux.
Pour une configuration fiable, il faut toujours v\u00e9rifier les chemins, les droits d\u2019ex\u00e9cution et les logs.
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
cron permet de planifier automatiquement l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de commandes ou de scripts sous Linux. Il est utile pour : \u00c9diter la crontab utilisateur Afficher les t\u00e2ches planifi\u00e9es : Supprimer toute la crontab de l\u2019utilisateur : Structure d\u2019une ligne cron Exemple : Cette ligne ex\u00e9cute le script sauvegarde.sh tous les jours \u00e0 02h30. Exemples courants Ex\u00e9cuter une […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-systeme"],"yoast_head":"\nFiche cron sous Linux - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-cron-sous-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche cron sous Linux - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"cron permet de planifier automatiquement l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de commandes ou de scripts sous Linux. Il est utile pour : \u00c9diter la crontab utilisateur Afficher les t\u00e2ches planifi\u00e9es : Supprimer toute la crontab de l\u2019utilisateur : Structure d\u2019une ligne cron Exemple : Cette ligne ex\u00e9cute le script sauvegarde.sh tous les jours \u00e0 02h30. 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