Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente les principaux fichiers de logs Debian et les commandes pour les exploiter efficacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27efe7fe-aad8-491a-9e71-9c528c00ffe8-683x1024.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nCommandes d\u2019analyse des logs (bloc unique)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n# =========================================================
# CONSULTATION DES LOGS
# =========================================================
# Lire un fichier complet
cat \/var\/log\/syslog
# Lire avec pagination
less \/var\/log\/syslog
# Voir les derni\u00e8res lignes
tail \/var\/log\/syslog
# Suivre un log en temps r\u00e9el
tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog
# Voir les 50 derni\u00e8res lignes
tail -n 50 \/var\/log\/syslog
# =========================================================
# RECHERCHE DANS LES LOGS
# =========================================================
# Rechercher un mot cl\u00e9
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Recherche insensible \u00e0 la casse
grep -i \"fail\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Rechercher plusieurs mots
grep -E \"error|fail|warning\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Afficher les lignes AVANT et APRES
grep -C 3 \"ssh\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Compter les occurrences
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# =========================================================
# FILTRAGE AVANCE
# =========================================================
# Trier les r\u00e9sultats
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort
# Supprimer les doublons
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort | uniq
# Compter par type
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | wc -l
# Top des IP qui tentent de se connecter
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
# =========================================================
# JOURNALCTL (SYSTEMD)
# =========================================================
# Voir tous les logs
journalctl
# Logs r\u00e9cents
journalctl -xe
# Logs d\u2019un service
journalctl -u ssh
# Logs en temps r\u00e9el
journalctl -f
# Logs depuis aujourd\u2019hui
journalctl --since today
# Logs entre deux dates
journalctl --since \"2026-05-01 10:00:00\" --until \"2026-05-01 12:00:00\"
# =========================================================
# ANALYSE RESEAU \/ SECURITE
# =========================================================
# Tentatives SSH \u00e9chou\u00e9es
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Connexions r\u00e9ussies
grep \"Accepted password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Red\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me
grep \"reboot\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Erreurs syst\u00e8me
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nExplication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\nEmplacement des logs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nFichiers importants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code> : logs syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code> : authentification (SSH, sudo)<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/kern.log<\/code> : noyau Linux<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/code> : installations de paquets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nLecture des logs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\ncat<\/code> : lecture brute (peu pratique pour gros fichiers)<\/li>\n\n\n\nless<\/code> : navigation dans le fichier<\/li>\n\n\n\ntail<\/code> : visualisation des derni\u00e8res lignes<\/li>\n\n\n\ntail -f<\/code> : surveillance en temps r\u00e9el<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nRecherche avec grep<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
grep<\/code> est l\u2019outil principal :<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n-i<\/code> : ignore la casse<\/li>\n\n\n\n-E<\/code> : expressions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res<\/li>\n\n\n\n-C<\/code> : contexte autour du r\u00e9sultat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nPermet de filtrer rapidement des \u00e9v\u00e9nements pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nAnalyse avanc\u00e9e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Combinaison de commandes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nawk<\/code> : extraction de colonnes<\/li>\n\n\n\nsort<\/code> : tri<\/li>\n\n\n\nuniq<\/code> : suppression doublons<\/li>\n\n\n\nwc -l<\/code> : comptage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- identifier les IP attaquantes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- d\u00e9tecter des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions suspectes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\njournalctl (systemd)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Remplace en partie les fichiers classiques :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- centralise les logs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- permet un filtrage pr\u00e9cis (service, date)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9 en environnement moderne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nCas pratiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\nD\u00e9tection brute force SSH<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n- rechercher \u00ab\u00a0Failed password\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- identifier les IP<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- compter les tentatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Analyse d\u2019un service<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\njournalctl -u nom_du_service<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nDiagnostic syst\u00e8me<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n- erreurs dans syslog<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- reboot inattendu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nConsultation des logs<\/h2>\n\n\n\ncat \/var\/log\/syslog
less \/var\/log\/syslog
tail \/var\/log\/syslog
tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog
tail -n 50 \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple de sortie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 12:01:15 debian systemd[1]: Started Session 1234 of user root.
May 1 12:01:15 debian sshd[1234]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.1.50 port 55210 ssh2
May 1 12:01:16 debian sudo: root : TTY=pts\/0 ; PWD=\/root ; USER=root ; COMMAND=\/bin\/ls
May 1 12:01:20 debian CRON[1250]: (root) CMD (cd \/ && run-parts --report \/etc\/cron.hourly)
May 1 12:01:25 debian systemd[1]: Finished Daily apt download activities.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nRecherche dans les logs avec grep<\/h2>\n\n\n\ngrep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog
grep -i \"fail\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
grep -E \"error|fail|warning\" \/var\/log\/syslog
grep -C 3 \"ssh\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 11:50:12 debian sshd[1122]: Failed password for invalid user admin from 192.168.1.60 port 53322 ssh2
May 1 11:50:15 debian sshd[1122]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.60 port 53322 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nFiltrage avanc\u00e9 et analyse<\/h2>\n\n\n\ngrep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort | uniq
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | wc -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nTop des IP en brute force :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple de sortie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
15 192.168.1.60
4 192.168.1.61
2 10.0.0.5
1 203.0.113.10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\njournalctl (systemd)<\/h2>\n\n\n\njournalctl
journalctl -xe
journalctl -u ssh
journalctl -f
journalctl --since today
journalctl --since \"2026-05-01 10:00:00\" --until \"2026-05-01 12:00:00\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 01 10:15:01 debian systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server...
May 01 10:15:02 debian sshd[1200]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
May 01 10:20:45 debian sshd[1201]: Failed password for invalid user test from 192.168.1.60 port 53332 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nAnalyse r\u00e9seau \/ s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Tentatives SSH \u00e9chou\u00e9es :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nConnexions r\u00e9ussies :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Accepted password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 12:01:15 debian sshd[1234]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.1.50 port 55210 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nRed\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"reboot\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apr 30 22:15:02 debian systemd[1]: System rebooted.
Apr 30 22:15:02 debian kernel: Linux version 6.1.0-18-amd64<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nErreurs syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 11:43:22 debian systemd[1]: Failed to start MySQL Community Server.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nCas pratiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Identifier les IP en brute force SSH :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nNombre total de tentatives \u00e9chou\u00e9es :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les erreurs Apache :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les red\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl --since today | grep -i reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les installations de paquets :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
less \/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nSuivre un service en temps r\u00e9el :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl -u nginx -f<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nBonnes pratiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- surveiller r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les logs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- automatiser avec des scripts<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- mettre en place une rotation (logrotate)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- centraliser les logs (SIEM, syslog distant)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- restreindre l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux logs sensibles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nR\u00e9capitulatif des fichiers importants<\/h3>\n\n\n\nFichier<\/th> R\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \/var\/log\/syslog<\/td> logs syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/td> authentification<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/kern.log<\/td> noyau<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/td> gestion des paquets<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/apache2\/<\/td> logs web<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/mysql\/<\/td> logs base de donn\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nConclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
La ma\u00eetrise des logs est indispensable pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- l\u2019administration syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- le diagnostic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Savoir utiliser grep<\/code>, awk<\/code>, journalctl<\/code> permet d\u2019analyser rapidement un incident et de comprendre le comportement du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, savoir lire et exploiter les logs est essentiel.Les journaux permettent de : Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente les principaux fichiers de logs Debian et les commandes pour les exploiter efficacement. Commandes d\u2019analyse des logs (bloc unique) Explication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e Emplacement des logs Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/. Fichiers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-reseau"],"yoast_head":"\n
Fiche logs Debian : analyse et recherche dans les journaux syst\u00e8me - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/reseau\/fiche-logs-debian-analyse-et-recherche-dans-les-journaux-systeme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche logs Debian : analyse et recherche dans les journaux syst\u00e8me - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, savoir lire et exploiter les logs est essentiel.Les journaux permettent de : Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente les principaux fichiers de logs Debian et les commandes pour les exploiter efficacement. Commandes d\u2019analyse des logs (bloc unique) Explication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e Emplacement des logs Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/. 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Eryann Breizh SecOps","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/reseau\/fiche-logs-debian-analyse-et-recherche-dans-les-journaux-systeme\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Fiche logs Debian : analyse et recherche dans les journaux syst\u00e8me - Eryann Breizh SecOps","og_description":"Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, savoir lire et exploiter les logs est essentiel.Les journaux permettent de : Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente les principaux fichiers de logs Debian et les commandes pour les exploiter efficacement. Commandes d\u2019analyse des logs (bloc unique) Explication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e Emplacement des logs Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/. 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# =========================================================
# CONSULTATION DES LOGS
# =========================================================
# Lire un fichier complet
cat \/var\/log\/syslog
# Lire avec pagination
less \/var\/log\/syslog
# Voir les derni\u00e8res lignes
tail \/var\/log\/syslog
# Suivre un log en temps r\u00e9el
tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog
# Voir les 50 derni\u00e8res lignes
tail -n 50 \/var\/log\/syslog
# =========================================================
# RECHERCHE DANS LES LOGS
# =========================================================
# Rechercher un mot cl\u00e9
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Recherche insensible \u00e0 la casse
grep -i \"fail\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Rechercher plusieurs mots
grep -E \"error|fail|warning\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Afficher les lignes AVANT et APRES
grep -C 3 \"ssh\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Compter les occurrences
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# =========================================================
# FILTRAGE AVANCE
# =========================================================
# Trier les r\u00e9sultats
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort
# Supprimer les doublons
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort | uniq
# Compter par type
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | wc -l
# Top des IP qui tentent de se connecter
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
# =========================================================
# JOURNALCTL (SYSTEMD)
# =========================================================
# Voir tous les logs
journalctl
# Logs r\u00e9cents
journalctl -xe
# Logs d\u2019un service
journalctl -u ssh
# Logs en temps r\u00e9el
journalctl -f
# Logs depuis aujourd\u2019hui
journalctl --since today
# Logs entre deux dates
journalctl --since \"2026-05-01 10:00:00\" --until \"2026-05-01 12:00:00\"
# =========================================================
# ANALYSE RESEAU \/ SECURITE
# =========================================================
# Tentatives SSH \u00e9chou\u00e9es
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Connexions r\u00e9ussies
grep \"Accepted password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
# Red\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me
grep \"reboot\" \/var\/log\/syslog
# Erreurs syst\u00e8me
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nExplication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\nEmplacement des logs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nFichiers importants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code> : logs syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code> : authentification (SSH, sudo)<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/kern.log<\/code> : noyau Linux<\/li>\n\n\n\n\/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/code> : installations de paquets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nLecture des logs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\ncat<\/code> : lecture brute (peu pratique pour gros fichiers)<\/li>\n\n\n\nless<\/code> : navigation dans le fichier<\/li>\n\n\n\ntail<\/code> : visualisation des derni\u00e8res lignes<\/li>\n\n\n\ntail -f<\/code> : surveillance en temps r\u00e9el<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nRecherche avec grep<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
grep<\/code> est l\u2019outil principal :<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n-i<\/code> : ignore la casse<\/li>\n\n\n\n-E<\/code> : expressions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res<\/li>\n\n\n\n-C<\/code> : contexte autour du r\u00e9sultat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nPermet de filtrer rapidement des \u00e9v\u00e9nements pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nAnalyse avanc\u00e9e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Combinaison de commandes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nawk<\/code> : extraction de colonnes<\/li>\n\n\n\nsort<\/code> : tri<\/li>\n\n\n\nuniq<\/code> : suppression doublons<\/li>\n\n\n\nwc -l<\/code> : comptage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- identifier les IP attaquantes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- d\u00e9tecter des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions suspectes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\njournalctl (systemd)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Remplace en partie les fichiers classiques :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- centralise les logs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- permet un filtrage pr\u00e9cis (service, date)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9 en environnement moderne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nCas pratiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\nD\u00e9tection brute force SSH<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n- rechercher \u00ab\u00a0Failed password\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- identifier les IP<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- compter les tentatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Analyse d\u2019un service<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\njournalctl -u nom_du_service<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nDiagnostic syst\u00e8me<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n- erreurs dans syslog<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- reboot inattendu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nConsultation des logs<\/h2>\n\n\n\ncat \/var\/log\/syslog
less \/var\/log\/syslog
tail \/var\/log\/syslog
tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog
tail -n 50 \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple de sortie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 12:01:15 debian systemd[1]: Started Session 1234 of user root.
May 1 12:01:15 debian sshd[1234]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.1.50 port 55210 ssh2
May 1 12:01:16 debian sudo: root : TTY=pts\/0 ; PWD=\/root ; USER=root ; COMMAND=\/bin\/ls
May 1 12:01:20 debian CRON[1250]: (root) CMD (cd \/ && run-parts --report \/etc\/cron.hourly)
May 1 12:01:25 debian systemd[1]: Finished Daily apt download activities.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nRecherche dans les logs avec grep<\/h2>\n\n\n\ngrep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog
grep -i \"fail\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
grep -E \"error|fail|warning\" \/var\/log\/syslog
grep -C 3 \"ssh\" \/var\/log\/auth.log
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 11:50:12 debian sshd[1122]: Failed password for invalid user admin from 192.168.1.60 port 53322 ssh2
May 1 11:50:15 debian sshd[1122]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.60 port 53322 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nFiltrage avanc\u00e9 et analyse<\/h2>\n\n\n\ngrep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort
grep \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog | sort | uniq
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | wc -l<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nTop des IP en brute force :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple de sortie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
15 192.168.1.60
4 192.168.1.61
2 10.0.0.5
1 203.0.113.10<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\njournalctl (systemd)<\/h2>\n\n\n\njournalctl
journalctl -xe
journalctl -u ssh
journalctl -f
journalctl --since today
journalctl --since \"2026-05-01 10:00:00\" --until \"2026-05-01 12:00:00\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 01 10:15:01 debian systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server...
May 01 10:15:02 debian sshd[1200]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
May 01 10:20:45 debian sshd[1201]: Failed password for invalid user test from 192.168.1.60 port 53332 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nAnalyse r\u00e9seau \/ s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Tentatives SSH \u00e9chou\u00e9es :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nConnexions r\u00e9ussies :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Accepted password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 12:01:15 debian sshd[1234]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.1.50 port 55210 ssh2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nRed\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"reboot\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apr 30 22:15:02 debian systemd[1]: System rebooted.
Apr 30 22:15:02 debian kernel: Linux version 6.1.0-18-amd64<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nErreurs syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nExemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 1 11:43:22 debian systemd[1]: Failed to start MySQL Community Server.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nCas pratiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Identifier les IP en brute force SSH :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | awk '{print $11}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nNombre total de tentatives \u00e9chou\u00e9es :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -c \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les erreurs Apache :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grep -i \"error\" \/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les red\u00e9marrages syst\u00e8me :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl --since today | grep -i reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nVoir les installations de paquets :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
less \/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nSuivre un service en temps r\u00e9el :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
journalctl -u nginx -f<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nBonnes pratiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- surveiller r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les logs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- automatiser avec des scripts<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- mettre en place une rotation (logrotate)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- centraliser les logs (SIEM, syslog distant)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- restreindre l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux logs sensibles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nR\u00e9capitulatif des fichiers importants<\/h3>\n\n\n\nFichier<\/th> R\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \/var\/log\/syslog<\/td> logs syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/td> authentification<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/kern.log<\/td> noyau<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/dpkg.log<\/td> gestion des paquets<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/apache2\/<\/td> logs web<\/td><\/tr> \/var\/log\/mysql\/<\/td> logs base de donn\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nConclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
La ma\u00eetrise des logs est indispensable pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- l\u2019administration syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- le diagnostic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Savoir utiliser grep<\/code>, awk<\/code>, journalctl<\/code> permet d\u2019analyser rapidement un incident et de comprendre le comportement du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, savoir lire et exploiter les logs est essentiel.Les journaux permettent de : Cette fiche pr\u00e9sente les principaux fichiers de logs Debian et les commandes pour les exploiter efficacement. Commandes d\u2019analyse des logs (bloc unique) Explication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e Emplacement des logs Les logs Debian sont stock\u00e9s dans \/var\/log\/. Fichiers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-reseau"],"yoast_head":"\n
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