{"id":129,"date":"2026-05-01T23:11:49","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T21:11:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/?p=129"},"modified":"2026-05-02T14:09:00","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T12:09:00","slug":"fiche-dns-resolution-locale-avec-fichier-hosts-debian-windows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-dns-resolution-locale-avec-fichier-hosts-debian-windows\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiche DNS : r\u00e9solution locale avec fichier hosts (Debian &amp; Windows)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, le fichier <em>hosts<\/em> est la premi\u00e8re brique \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser avant m\u00eame de d\u00e9ployer un serveur DNS.<br>Il permet de faire de la r\u00e9solution de noms <strong>en local, sans serveur DNS<\/strong>, ce qui est tr\u00e8s utile pour les tests, les labs ou le d\u00e9pannage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-11-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-11-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-11-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-11-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/eryann.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-11.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Configuration avec fichier hosts \u2013 Debian &amp; Windows (bloc unique)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># =========================================================<br># PARTIE 1 : DEBIAN (LINUX)<br># =========================================================<br><br># \u00c9dition du fichier hosts<br>nano \/etc\/hosts<br><br># Exemple de configuration<br>127.0.0.1       localhost<br>192.168.1.20    srv.eryann.local srv<br>192.168.1.30    pc1.eryann.local pc1<br><br># Sauvegarder puis quitter<br><br># Vider le cache DNS (si n\u00e9cessaire)<br>systemctl restart systemd-resolved<br><br># Test<br>ping srv<br>getent hosts srv.eryann.local<br><br><br># =========================================================<br># PARTIE 2 : WINDOWS<br># =========================================================<br><br># Fichier hosts (ouvrir en administrateur)<br>C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts<br><br># Exemple de configuration<br>127.0.0.1       localhost<br>192.168.1.20    srv.eryann.local srv<br>192.168.1.30    pc1.eryann.local pc1<br><br># Sauvegarder le fichier<br><br># Vider le cache DNS<br>ipconfig \/flushdns<br><br># Tests<br>ping srv<br>nslookup srv.eryann.local<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explication d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Principe du fichier hosts<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier <em>hosts<\/em> permet de faire une correspondance directe entre une adresse IP et un nom de domaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>192.168.1.20 srv.eryann.local<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Quand la machine cherche \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre un nom :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elle consulte d\u2019abord le fichier <em>hosts<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensuite seulement elle interroge le DNS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier <em>hosts<\/em> est donc <strong>prioritaire sur le DNS<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Fonctionnement sous Debian<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier se trouve dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>\/etc\/hosts<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaque ligne contient :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>une adresse IP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un ou plusieurs noms associ\u00e9s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Exemple :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>srv<\/code> est un alias de <code>srv.eryann.local<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Commande utile :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>getent hosts<\/code> \u2192 interroge la r\u00e9solution syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Fonctionnement sous Windows<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier est situ\u00e9 dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Contraintes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>doit \u00eatre modifi\u00e9 en <strong>mode administrateur<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n\u00e9cessite un vidage de cache (<code>ipconfig \/flushdns<\/code>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Cas d\u2019usage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier <em>hosts<\/em> est utilis\u00e9 pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>tester un site avant mise en production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>simuler un DNS sans serveur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rediriger un domaine (ex : blocage pub)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u00e9pannage r\u00e9seau<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>gestion manuelle (pas scalable)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pas adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau avec plusieurs machines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pas de mise \u00e0 jour automatique<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pas de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bonnes pratiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>utiliser des noms coh\u00e9rents (ex : <code>srv<\/code>, <code>db<\/code>, <code>intra<\/code>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>commenter les lignes importantes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00e9viter les doublons<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nettoyer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement le fichier<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>privil\u00e9gier un DNS d\u00e8s que le r\u00e9seau grandit<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fichier <em>hosts<\/em> est une solution simple et efficace pour de la r\u00e9solution locale.<br>C\u2019est un outil essentiel pour comprendre le fonctionnement du DNS et pour r\u00e9aliser des tests rapides en environnement BTS ou en cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, le fichier hosts est la premi\u00e8re brique \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser avant m\u00eame de d\u00e9ployer un serveur DNS.Il permet de faire de la r\u00e9solution de noms en local, sans serveur DNS, ce qui est tr\u00e8s utile pour les tests, les labs ou le d\u00e9pannage. Configuration avec fichier hosts \u2013 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux","category-windows"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiche DNS : r\u00e9solution locale avec fichier hosts (Debian &amp; Windows) - Eryann Breizh SecOps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eryann.fr\/index.php\/linux\/fiche-dns-resolution-locale-avec-fichier-hosts-debian-windows\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiche DNS : r\u00e9solution locale avec fichier hosts (Debian &amp; Windows) - Eryann Breizh SecOps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pour les \u00e9tudiants en BTS CIEL ou SIO, le fichier hosts est la premi\u00e8re brique \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser avant m\u00eame de d\u00e9ployer un serveur DNS.Il permet de faire de la r\u00e9solution de noms en local, sans serveur DNS, ce qui est tr\u00e8s utile pour les tests, les labs ou le d\u00e9pannage. 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